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1.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 36(3): 254-263, dic. 2017. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-899594

RESUMO

Resumen: Los anticoagulantes orales clásicos del tipo cumarinas han estado disponibles para uso clínico por más de medio siglo. Tienen gran eficacia para tratar o prevenir trombosis y tromboembolias, y son drogas cuyo uso ha aumentado con el mejor conocimiento clínico, el aumento de los factores de riesgo y el envejecimiento de la población. Entre sus desventajas se incluyen la alta variabilidad de su efecto en cada sujeto y entre individuos, la influencia del nivel de ingesta de vitamina K, la necesidad de control periódico del nivel de anticoagulación, su interacción con múltiples drogas. Si bien, el rango terapéutico está estandarizado, es estrecho, haciendo que el tiempo en rango terapéutico sea de ≈ 60%. Por estas limitaciones, se han creado nuevos anticoagulantes orales (NACOs), siendo progresivamente aprobados para uso clínico por agencias internacionales. Genéricamente, son de 2 tipos: inhibidores selectivos de trombina (dabigatrán) o de FXa (rivaroxabán, apixabán, edoxabán y betrixabán). Los NACOs se caracterizan por su dosificación una o dos veces al día, rapidez de acción, corta vida media en la circulación, predictibilidad de su efecto, dosis preestablecidas, sin necesidad de control periódico y con escasa o nula interacción con otras drogas. Estas ventajas no se han traducido en la mayoría de los ensayos en un superior efecto antitrombótico o menor riesgo de sangrado, y en su mayoría (salvo dabigatrán) carecen de antídoto específico demostrado.


Abstracts: Vitamin K inhibitors, coumarins, have been used for more than 50 years with no dispute by other drugs. Coumarins have demonstrated great efficacy in the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombotic and thromboembolic disorders, and their use has increased progressively with the advance of clinical knowledge as well as the increase of risk factors and aging of the population. Limitations of coumarins include great variability intra and inter-individuals, the influence of foods rich in vitamin K, the need for periodical assessment of the anticoagulant level and drug interactions. The therapeutic range is standardized using the INR (International Normalized Ratio). However, the therapeutic window is narrow, with frequent periods of either over or under-dosing, with the concomitant increase of bleeding and thrombotic risks, respectively. Long-term accredited anticoagulant clinics and clinical trials report that, at best, only ≈60% of time in treatment the patients are within the therapeutic range. These limitations have created the need for new oral anticoagulants (NOACs), and several of them have been approved for clinical use by international agencies after exhaustive and specific clinical trials. Generically, NACOs are belong in two types: selective inhibitors of thrombin (dabigatran) or FXa (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban and betrixaban). NOACs are prescribed once or twice daily, the onset of action is very fast, have a low T1/2 in the circulation, their effects are highly predictable, doses are pre-established, do not need laboratory control and have a low rate of interaction with other drugs. Despite these advantages most clinical trials have shown NOACs to be not inferior with respect to coumarin. However, NOACs have no clear advantages over warfarin in antithrombotic effect or bleeding reduction. Furthermore, most of them (except dabigatran) have no specific antidotes yet.


Assuntos
Humanos , Antitrombinas/administração & dosagem , Inibidores do Fator Xa/administração & dosagem , Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Antitrombinas/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Inibidores do Fator Xa/uso terapêutico , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico
2.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 36(2): 89-96, 2017. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-899572

RESUMO

Introducción: La miopatía y fibrosis auricular representan el sustrato protrombótico y proarrítmico en pacientes con fibrilación auricular (FA). Estudios recientes muestran relación entre el strain auricular izquierdo (SAI), eventos cardiovasculares y recurrencia en pacientes con FA. La asociación entre SAI y bio-marcadores cardíacos como predictores de accidente cerebrovascular silente (ACVs) en pacientes con FA de reciente comienzo (FArc) no ha sido estudiada. Objetivo: Determinar si la asociación entre SAI y biomarcadores cardíacos contribuye a la predicción de ACV en pacientes con FArc. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo que permitió reclutar 57 pacientes con FArc (primer episodio de < de 8 semanas de evolución). Obtenido consentimiento informado (CI) se realizó recolección de datos clínicos y muestras de sangre para determinación de Pro-BNP, Dimero-D y GDF-15. Se realizó resonancia nuclear magnética cerebral (RNMc) y ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) durante los primeros 3 días de inclusión y en ritmo sinusal. Para la evaluación de SAI se consideró la curva de deflexión positiva durante la sístole ventricular (SAIs), derivada de speckle tracking, considerando el promedio de 5 ciclos. Se utilizó Mann Whitney U test y Spearman Rho para análisis estadístico. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 70±8,2 años y el 70% fueron hombres. El CHA2DS2-VASc score promedio fue 3,1±1 y el promedio de pro-BNP, Di-mero-D y GDF-15 fue 96,1±12,4 pg/ml, 990±140 ng/ ml y 12 ng/ml respectivamente. 15% de los pacientes (n=9) presentaban ACVs en la RNMc al momento del diagnóstico. Se observó, además, que los pacientes con ACV presentaban un SAIs más bajo que los pacientes sin eventos (5,5±1,1% y 14,6±7,3% respectivamente p=0.04). Adicionalmente, se encontró una correlación significativa entre SAIs y pro-BNP, Dimero-D y GDF-15. Conclusiones: En este trabajo se evidenció que el 15% de los pacientes con FArc presenta ACVs al momento del diagnóstico. El SAIs bajo se correlaciona de forma inversa con los biomarcadores de sobrecarga, trombogénesis, fibrosis auricular y presencia de ACV silente. Estos resultados pueden ser utilizados para una mejor estratificación del riesgo de ACV en pacientes con FA.


Introduction: Atrial myopathy and fibrosis constitute a pro-arrhythmic and pro-thromboembolic substrate in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent studies using left atrial strain (LAS) have shown that LAS contributes to predict AF recurrence in patients with paroxysmal AF. The association between LAS and cardiac biomarkers in predicting silent stroke (SS) in patients with new AF has not been studied. Aim: The association of LAS and cardiac biomarkers contribute to predict SS in patients with new AF. Methods: We have prospectively evaluated 57 consecutive patients with new AF (first episode with less than 8 weeks of evolution). Baseline clinical characteristics and blood samples for determinations of Pro-BNP, D-Dimer and GDF-15 were obtained. Brain magnetic resonance (BMRI) and 2D Echo were performed within 3 days. In sinus rhythm, the positive deflection during ventricular systole of the LAS curve derived from speckle tracking was considered (mean of 5 cycles) (LASS). Mann Whitney U test and Spearman Rho were used for statistical analysis. Results: Mean age was 70±8,2 years, 70% were men. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3,1±1. Mean pro-BNP, D-Dimer and GDF-15 were 96,1±12,4 pg/ml, 990±140 ng/ml and 12 ng/ml, respectively. Fifteen percent of patients (n=9) had evidence of previous SS in BMRI. Patients with SS had significantly less LASS than patients without events (5,5±1,1% and 14,6±7,3% respectively p=0,04). In addition, a significant correlation between LASs and pro-BNP, D-Dimer and GDF-15 was found. Conclusion: Evidence of SS was found in 15% of patients with new AF. This was associated with LASs impairment, which was inversely correlated with cardiac biomarkers of LV overload, thrombogenesis and LA fibrosis. These findings could be utilized for a better risk stratification of stroke in patients with new AF.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Fibrilação Atrial/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/sangue , Prognóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/sangue , Produtos de Degradação da Fibrina e do Fibrinogênio/análise , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Ecocardiografia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico/sangue , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/sangue , Fator 15 de Diferenciação de Crescimento/sangue
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 139(10): 1347-1355, oct. 2011. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-612205

RESUMO

Thromboembolic disease (TED) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The hallmark of oral long-term anticoagulant therapy has been the use of vitamin K antagonists, whose anticoagulant effect is exerted inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase. Warfarin and acenocoumarol are the most commonly used. In the last five years several new drugs for long term anticoagulation have been developed, which can inhibit single clotting factors with the purpose of improving drug therapeutic range and, ideally, minimizing bleeding risks. This review addresses the state of the art on the clinical use of inhibitors of activated factor X and thrombin.


Assuntos
Humanos , Anticoagulantes/classificação , Fator Xa/antagonistas & inibidores , Trombina/antagonistas & inibidores , Vitamina K/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral
4.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 29(1): 37-46, 2010. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-554858

RESUMO

Antecedentes: Usuarios crónicos de cocaína tienen riesgo aumentado de presentar infarto de miocardio, angina,muerte súbita y accidentes cerebrovasculares. Aunque la patogenia del daño vascular es mayormente desconocida, se ha encontrado arterioesclerosis prematura y formación de trombos intravasculares. Objetivo: Demostrar evidencia de daño endotelial y activación del sistema hemostático en usuarios crónicos de cocaína. Métodos: Un grupo de 23 pacientes con criterios de dependencia a cocaína DSM-IV; 19 hombres (edad promedio 32 a), con exposición a la droga dentro de 72 h del estudio. Disfunción endotelial se evaluó por enumeración de las células endoteliales circulantes (CEC) y nivel de sICAM . Para activación del sistema hemostático se incluyó: complejos trombina-antitrombina (TAT) y generación de trombina; NAP-2 y RANTES para activación plaquetaria. In vitro, CE en cultivo (HUVEC), se expusieron a plasma de consumidores o controles. Se midió factor von Willebrand (FVW) en el medio y expresión de FvW y factor tisular (FT) sobre las CE. Adhesión plaquetaria estática se evaluó por microscopía. Resultados: En usuarios de cocaína, con respecto a controles, las CEC estaban significativamente elevadas...


Background: chronic cocaine users have an increased risk of developing myocardial infarction, angina, suddendeath and stroke. Although the pathogenesis of this effect is not completely known, premature atheromatosis and intravascular thrombosis appear to be involved.Aim: to provide evidence for the presence of endothelial damage and activation of the haemostatic system in chronic cocaine users. Methods: 23 subjects (19males, overall mean age 32) with DSM-IV criteria for cocaine dependency and exposure to the drug within 72 hours were studied. Endothelial dysfunction was determined by circulating endothelial cell counts (CEC) and sICAM levels. Thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT) and thrombin generation were used to characterize haemostatic status. In vitro, platelet activation was studied by NAP-2 and RANTES. EC in culture (HUVEC) were exposed to plasma from cocaine users and controls. Von Willebrand factor was measured in the culture media as well as its expression along with that of tissue factor in EC. Platelet adhesion was evaluated by microscopy. Results: Compared to controls, EC were significantly increased in cocaine users...


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cocaína/farmacologia , Endotélio Vascular , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Hemostasia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/complicações , Doença Crônica , Cocaína/efeitos adversos
5.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 29(1): 47-56, 2010. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-554866

RESUMO

Introducción: Las estatinas han demostrado disminuir los eventos cardiovasculares en sujetos con y sin enfermedad aterosclerótica establecida. Se ha demostrado, que sus efectos benéficos no sólo dependen de la reducción del colesterol, sino que también podrían ser secundarios a otros efectos de las estatinas, como su efectos de reducción de inflamación y/ o trombogénesis entre otros. Sin embargo, no existen trabajos que demuestren que las estatinas sean capaces de frenarla activación de la cascada de inflamación y/o trombogénesis. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto de la administración oral de atorvastatina por 7 días sobre los niveles plasmáticos de proteína C- reactiva ultrasensible (PCR us), fibrinógeno y P-selectina, pre y post prueba de esfuerzo máximo inmediato y a las 24 horas de su ejecución. Métodos: Ensayo clínico en 50 hombres sanos (18 a 50 años), randomizado atorvastatina 80 mg/día - placebo por 7 días, doble ciego. Muestras tomadas en sangre para PCRus, fibrinógeno y P-selectina, perfil lipídico, creatin kinasa y transaminasas hepáticas, pre y post test de esfuerzo, y a las 24 horas. Los resultados para datos continuos se expresan como medias +/- desviación estándar, test de student para muestras independientes, ANOVA para muestras repetidas. Programa estadístico SPSS 14.0. Resultados: Un grupo de 44 sujetos completaron el estudio: atorvastatina 80 mg (n=24) o placebo (n=20). En el grupo atorvastatina, después de una semana de tratamiento, los niveles de LDLc disminuyeron en 38 por ciento (LDL basal: 97 +/- 27 mg/dL vs LDL post: 62 +/- 31 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Sin embargo, no se observaron cambios en ese mismo período en los niveles de PCRus, fibrinógeno y P-selectina con respecto a placebo. Los niveles de fibrinógeno se elevaron 8 por ciento entre la etapa pre y post ejercicio inmediato (341 +/- 56 mg/dL vs 368 +/- 65 mg/dL, p<0.001), retornando a los niveles basales a las 24 horas; no hubo diferencias entre atorvastatina - placebo...


Background: Chronic statin therapy is known to decrease ínflammation and platelet aggregation. However, little data exist regarding acute effect of statins upon these variables. Exercise can be used to induce ínflammation and platelet aggregation. Aim: to determine the acute effect of atorvastatin upon plasma levels of ultra sensitive C reactive protein (US-PCR), fibrinogen and P selectin before, immediately after and 24 hr following a maximal exercise test in healthy subjects. Methods: This was a double blind, randomized prospective study Fifty healthy male subjects (aged 18to 50years) received atorvastatin 80 mg or placebo daily for 7 days. US-PCR, fibrinogen, P-selectin, blood lipids, total creatin-kinase (CK) and transaminases were determined pre and immediately after maximal treadmill exercise. Repeat determinations were performed 24 following the test. Results were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package, and are expressed as mean +/- SD. Student's t and repeated measures ANOVA were used as appropriate. Results: 44 subjects completed the study (atorvastatin =24; placebo= 20). LDL cholesterol decreased from 97 +/- 27 to 62 +/- 31 mg/dl in the atorvastatin group (p<0.001). US-PCR, After 1 week, Fibrinogen and P-selectin were not significantly modified from baseline, and no differences were observed between groups (atorvastatin vs. control). However, fibrinogen increased 8 percent from baseline to immediately post exercise (341 +/- 6 vs. 368 +/- 65mg/dl (95 percent CI. 21/.3 - 33.6). 24hr after exercise, fibrinogen levels returned to baseline. Similar changes were observed for P-selectin (25 +/- 5, 28 +/- 1.7 ng/dl, baseline and post exercise respectively p<0.01), again returning to baseline 24hr after exercise. No significant changes were observed for US-PCR after exercise in neither group. CK increased 43 percent in the atorvastatin group and 12 percent in controls (NS). Conclusion: Atorvastatin...


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácidos Heptanoicos/administração & dosagem , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Fibrinogênio , Pirróis/administração & dosagem , Selectina-P , Método Duplo-Cego , Fibrinogênio/análise , Selectina-P/análise , Fatores de Tempo
6.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 25(1): 9-14, ene.-mar. 2006. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-485639

RESUMO

Introducción: Uno de los mecanismos que explicaría la variabilidad en la agregación plaquetaria observada en la respuesta inhibitoria a clopidogrel es el polimorfismo del receptor P2Y12 de ADP plaquetario, específicamente, el haplotipo H2 y H1/H2. No se ha descrito la prevalencia del haplotipo H1/H2 del receptor plaquetario en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria. Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia del haplotipo H1/H2 del receptor P2Y12 en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria Métodos: Estudio prospectivo en pacientes sometidos en forma electiva a angioplastía coronaria con stent. Todos recibieron aspirina y una dosis de carga de clopidogrel de 600 mg, seguido de dosis de mantención de 75 mg/día. En todos se midió agregación plaquetaria previo a la dosis de carga de clopidogrel (día 0) y luego entre 6º y 8º día det ratamiento. La agregación plaquetaria se expresó de acuerdo al porcentaje de cambio respecto del valor basal. Se utilizó test t student pareado para evaluar el porcentaje de cambio. Se amplificó el segmento de interés del ADN de los pacientes mediante PCR y se determinó la presencia del haplotipo H1/H2 usando enzimas de restricción. Resultados: Se enrolaron 40 pacientes, 34 (85 por ciento) hombres, edad promedio 61 +/-12 años. El promedio de agregación plaquetaria, previo y durante terapia con clopidogrel fue de 64 +/-10 por ciento y 41 +/-14 por ciento, respectivamente (p<0.0001) frente a ADP 8 µM. La respuesta de agregación a clopidogrel presentó una distribución normal según el test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p=0.58). Los pacientes se estratificaron de acuerdo al porcentaje de cambio en cuartiles y el cuartil de menor cambio representó una diferencia menor a 10 por ciento. De estos pacientes, 30 por ciento (3 pacientes) tenían el haplotipo H1/H2. En total, se demostró la presencia del haplotipo H1/H2 en 4 (10 por ciento) pacientes...


Background: One factor influencing the variability in the anti aggregation effect of clopidogrel is the polymorphism of the platelet P2Y12 ADP receptor, specifically the H2 and H1/H2 haplotypes. The prevalence of the H1/H2 haplotype has not been described in patients with coronary artery disease. Aim: To evaluate the presence of H1/H2 haplotype of P2Y12 receptor in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in patients undergoing elective PTCA with stenting. All received aspirin followed by a loading dose of clopidogrel 600 mg and a maintenance dose of 75 mg daily. Platelet aggregation was measured prior to the loading clopidogrel dose and at 6 and 8 days post treatment. Platelet aggregation was indicated as the percent change over the basal value. The Student’s t test was used to evaluate the response. The DNA segment involved was amplified by PCR and the H1/H2 haplotype was determined using restriction enzymes. Results: Fourty patients (85 percent males) with mean age 61 years (SD 12) were studied. Mean platelet aggregation changed from a basal value of 64+/-10 to a post clopidogrel value of 41 +/-14 percent (p<0.0001) with an ADP level of 8 µM. The platelet aggregation response was normal according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov. The lowest quartile of platelet aggregation showed a <10 percent change. Three patients in this group (30 percent) had the H1/H2 haplotype. The overall incidence of this haplotype was 10 percent (4 patients). Conclusion: Clopidogrel does not induce a significant decreased platelet aggregation in 25 percent of patients subjected to coronary angioplasty. A third of this patients exhibited the H1/H2 haplotype for the P2Y12 receptor. This group of patients might be at increased risk from subsequent cardiovascular events.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Agregação Plaquetária , Doença das Coronárias/genética , Doença das Coronárias/metabolismo , Agregação Plaquetária/genética , Variação Genética , Haplótipos , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Genético , Estudos Prospectivos , /análise , /genética , Ticlopidina/antagonistas & inibidores , Ticlopidina/farmacologia
7.
Biol. Res ; 37(2): 217-224, 2004. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-393129

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Mediterranean-type diet (MD), high-fat diet (HFD), and red wine supplementation on plasma concentration of emergent haemostatic cardiovascular risk factors (HCVRF) and on variables of primary haemostasis (bleeding time, plasma von Willebrand factor and platelet aggregation/secretion). In a controlled prospective intervention study, two groups (21 healthy males each) received either MD or HFD during 90 days. Between days 30-60, both diets were supplemented with 240 ml/day of red wine. After adjusting by baseline values, MD was associated with: lower plasma fibrinogen (p =0.03), factor VIIc (p=0.034) and factor VIIIc (p=0.0057); higher levels of protein S (p=0.013); longer bleeding time (p=0.017); and marginal increases in platelet serotonin aggregation and secretion after stimulation with epinephrine. Red wine supplementation, in both diets, resulted in decreased plasma fibrinogen (p=0.001) and factor VIIc (p=0.05), and in increased t-PA (p=0.01) and PAI-1 (p=0.0003). The effects of wine on antithrombin III (p=0.01) were divergent: there was a decrease in the HFD group but it increased slightly in the MD group. No effects of diet or wine were detected in plasma protein C, C-reactive protein or von Willebrand factor. BT did not change significantly with wine supplementation. Wine intake resulted in a significant increase in ex vivo platelet aggregation and secretion after stimulation with collagen (1 and 2 µg/ml, p ≤ 0.01). MD and moderate consumption of red wine have complementary, mostly beneficial effects on haemostatic CV risk factors. The longer BT in individuals on MD, obtained independently of red wine, denotes less interaction of platelets with the vascular wall, which could be beneficial from the point of view of CV risk.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Dieta Mediterrânea , Gorduras na Dieta , Hemostasia , Agregação Plaquetária , Vinho , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco
11.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 56(3): 167-71, maio-jun. 1985. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-1437

RESUMO

Publicaciones recientes informan de una alta frecuencia de la Enfermedad de von Willebrand (E.v.W.) en pacientes con tiempo de sangría prolongado y recuento de plaquetas normal, destacando el uso de nuevos métodos de laboratorio que permiten el diagnóstico de los grados leves y moderados de la enfermedad. Se estudiaron 76 pacientes pediátricos con antecedentes hemorrágicos y al menos un tiempo de sangría de Ivy prolongado, sin ingestión previa de medicamentos. De ellos, 66 completaron el estudio, pudiendo ser clasificados en las siguientes afecciones: Enfermedad de von Willebrand, 51 pacientes, trastorno congénito de la función plaquetaria, 4, otros trastornos de la coagulación, 4 no se logró hacer un diagnóstico definitivo en 7 pacientes


Assuntos
Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Humanos , Tempo de Sangramento , Doenças de von Willebrand/diagnóstico , Fator VIII/análise , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Agregação Plaquetária , Contagem de Plaquetas
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